Background: Smoking is related to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking has been related to higher levels of homocysteine in the blood. Both have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Smokers also have lower levels of vitamin B12,...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58B34167
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathophysiologic process characterised by a decrease in nephron number and function, which often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Serum plasma cystatin C is a new test for determining kidney function. Its accuracy in determini...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i39A32147
Background: In developed countries, cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. In the second half of this century, dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States reduced current smoking levels to approximately one...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58B34179