Muazu Abubakar Gusau

Design and Evaluation of a Sand–Charcoal–Gravel Water Filter for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Illegal Mining Sites of Zamfara State, Nigeria

Jafar Usman & Muazu Abubakar Gusau · Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology · 2026

Illegal artisanal gold mining in Zamfara State, Nigeria, has resulted in severe environmental contamination and widespread exposure to toxic heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb). This study presents the design, optimization, and evaluation of a low-cost sand–charcoal–gravel filtr...