N. Zaheer Ahmed

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Black Pepper, Cinnamon, Cardamom, and Clove in Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative Review

Abid Nadeem Nomani, Birjis Fatma, Jamal Akhtar & N. Zaheer Ahmed · Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research · 2026

Diabetes mellitus is a major chronic metabolic disorder associated with persistent hyperglycemia and multiple long-term complications, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and hepatic abnormalities. Although conventional antidiabetic medications remain the primary treat...