Orhenomare, Vicencia Elohor

HIV–Malaria Co-infection Is Associated with a Non-additive Pro-inflammatory Shift in the TNF-α/IL-10 Axis: A Comparative Study of Adults in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Orhenomare, Vicencia Elohor, Aghatise, Kevin Erhamwonyi, Ugbomoiko, Daniel Ohilebo & Erameh, Theophilus Ogie · International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health · 2026

Aims: To determine whether HIV–malaria co-infection produces an additive (intermediate) or a non-additive (distinct) shift in the plasma TNF-α/IL-10 axis, relative to malaria or HIV infection alone, among adults in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Study Design: A hospital-based...