In this work, nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films have been prepared by the sol-gel spin coating method at different spin speeds. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of the depos...
Rural farming households in northern Nigeria increasingly use livelihood diversification to manage climate variability, market instability, rising production costs and declining agricultural productivity. However, empirical evidence on the determinants of diversification and its...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajraf/2026/v12i3513
Substrates used in perovskite solar cells as front contact are usually transparent conductive oxide (TCO) to allow light to pass through the device. The dominating TCO employed in perovskite solar cells are indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). However,...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130156