Global Variation in Female Pubertal Onset, Progression, and Duration, and Biochemical Thresholds for Diagnosis: A Comparative Review across Continents and Gonadotropin–estradiol Cutoffs
Ashraf Soliman, Fawzia Alyafei, Nada Alaaraj, Noor Hamed, Shayma Mohamed & Nada Soliman · Asian Journal of Research and Reports in Endocrinology · 2026
Background: Female pubertal onset is a complex, multifactorial biological event with substantial global variation. Secular trends show progressive earlier thelarche and menarche across continents, yet biochemical thresholds for diagnosing pubertal onset and central precocious pub...