Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Biomarkers and personalized medicine have significantly transformed modern healthcare by enabling precise diagnosis, disease prediction, targeted therapy, and individualized patient management. Biomarkers are measurable biological indicators that reflect physiological, pathological, or pharmacological responses in the body. Their integration with genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and clinical data has accelerated the development of personalized medicine, especially in oncology, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and metabolic conditions. This narrative review discusses the classification, mechanism, and clinical significance of biomarkers, along with their role in disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, and monitoring. The review also highlights the contribution of pharmacogenomics, molecular diagnostics, and artificial intelligence in precision medicine. Furthermore, challenges associated with biomarker validation, ethical considerations, regulatory barriers, and economic limitations are discussed. Recent advances in genomics and digital healthcare are expected to strengthen biomarker-based therapeutics and improve clinical outcomes worldwide. The review emphasizes the growing importance of biomarker-guided healthcare and its future potential in transforming disease management into a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach.