Campus-Scale Biogas from Human Waste: A Feasibility Assessment for Michigan Technological University

Abstract

Universities are uniquely positioned to pioneer sustainable energy solutions by integrating research, innovation, and operational practice. This study assesses the feasibility of producing renewable biogas from human feces through anaerobic digestion at Michigan Technological University (MTU). Using demographic data, compositional characteristics of faeces, and standard biogas yield parameters, the study quantifies the potential energy output and explores the associated environmental, social, and institutional implications. The analysis integrates theoretical foundations of circular economy and resilience theory to frame the broader sustainability benefits of on-campus energy recovery systems. Results indicate that MTU’s estimated annual faecal feedstock of ≈411 metric tons could produce 16,449 Nm³ yr⁻¹ of biogas, generating approximately 34 MWh of electricity per year (equivalent to the annual consumption of three U.S. households). While modest in scale, this output exemplifies the potential of waste valorization in higher education, transforming human waste from a disposal burden into a renewable resource. The study concludes that such systems can reinforce energy resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create interdisciplinary learning opportunities that align with MTU’s sustainability and carbon neutrality goals.