Evaluating the Toxicity Potential of Polyherbal Beverage (Jigsimur): An Integrated Biochemical, Hematological, and Histopathological Approach

Abstract

The increasing consumption of herbal formulations necessitates systematic safety evaluation, particularly for widely marketed polyherbal beverages such as Jigsimur, reportedly formulated from Aloe ferox sap. This study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity profile of Jigsimur using an integrated biochemical, hematological, and histopathological approach in albino rats. Acute toxicity was assessed using a modified Lorke’s method, while subacute toxicity was evaluated following 21-day oral administration at graded doses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL/kg). Serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function, hematological indices, electrolyte levels, and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were analyzed.The acute study revealed no mortality up to 50 mL/kg, indicating a wide safety margin. Subacute exposure showed no significant alterations in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea, or creatinine levels (p > 0.05), suggesting preserved hepatocellular and glomerular function. However, treated groups demonstrated significant reductions in percentage body weight gain (p < 0.05). Dose-dependent increases in red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration were observed, while white blood cell counts remained unchanged. Additionally, significant decreases in serum sodium and potassium levels were noted at higher doses (p < 0.05), indicating possible fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Histopathological examination revealed normal tissue architecture in most groups, except for mild degenerative changes at the highest dose. Overall, Jigsimur exhibited low acute toxicity and no overt biochemical evidence of hepatic or glomerular injury over 21 days. Nevertheless, electrolyte imbalance, reduced weight gain, and mild histological alterations at higher doses suggest potential subclinical toxicity with repeated administration. Further subchronic and mechanistic studies are recommended to establish long-term safety and inform regulatory and public health decision-making.