Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Monkeypox and Monkey Fever: Basic Understanding for Better Community Participation in Disease Control

Sarika Baburajan Pillai, Selvaraj Jagannathan, Akshay Jeyachandran, Naseera Kannanthodi Pariyapurath, Rahul Gandhi Pachamuthu, Venkatachalam Bharathi, Sumitha Jagadibabu, Shivanandappa Kukkaler Channappa, Ananda Arona Premkumar, Moorthy Kannaiyan, Sivakumar Sakthivel

Biotechnology Journal International · pp. 1–12 · Published 27 Oct 2022

10.9734/bji/2022/v26i5657

Abstract

Currently, Monkeypox is a threatening viral disease terminology around the world that worries the global community after the Coronavirus pandemic. Beyond the woods of central Africa, where cases were first discovered, the geographic distribution of monkeypox cases has extended to other parts of the world including India, where cases have been imported. Under these circumstances, public confusion is noticed between Monkeypox and Monkey fever across southern parts of India. Monkeypox and Monkey fever (Kyasanur Forest Disease) are categorized as potential emerging or re-emerging Zoonotic diseases of humans and are fundamentally having clear-cut differentiation in their causative agent, clinical symptoms, and pathogenesis. Hence, it is important to clarify and eliminate the confusions which would have tremendous and dangerous public health impacts. As defined by the Global Burden of Disease Study, Emerging Infections (EIs) are those that have recently appeared in a population or previously existed but are now gaining in prevalence or geographic spread rapidly. A disease emerges from the interactions between rapidly evolving infectious agents and the environmental changes and changes in human behavior that provide these agents with favorable ecological niches. This review attempts to differentiate between the two emerging infections - Monkeypox and Monkey fever which are affecting a significant group of the population worldwide and provides a comparative picture of both diseases towards developing adequate awareness among the public and expects to complement the community-based future control measures.

Zoonotic diseases monkeypox monkey fever emerging reemerging

References (48)

  1. 1 Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries — April–June 2022 [DOI]
  2. 2 The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review [DOI]
  3. 3 Human Monkeypox [DOI]
  4. 4 Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis [DOI]
  5. 5 A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  6. 6 Human Monkeypox [DOI]
  7. 7 Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
  8. 8 Imported chikungunya cases in an area newly colonised by Aedes albopictus: mathematical assessment of the best public health strategy [DOI]
  9. 9 Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases [DOI]
  10. 10 Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study [DOI]
  11. 11 Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans [DOI]
  12. 12 Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States [DOI]
  13. 13 Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018 [DOI]
  14. 14 Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Manifestation [DOI]
  15. 15 Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Human Monkeypox Infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo [DOI]
  16. 16 EXTENDED INTERHUMAN TRANSMISSION OF MONKEYPOX IN A HOSPITAL COMMUNITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2003 [DOI]
  17. 17 A comparative analysis of prophylactic antimicrobial use in long-term care facilities in Ireland, 2013 and 2016 [DOI]
  18. 18 Genomic Variability of Monkeypox Virus among Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo [DOI]
  19. 19 Human Monkeypox: An Emerging Zoonotic Disease [DOI]
  20. 20 Human monkeypox – After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication [DOI]
  21. 21 The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria—Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria [DOI]
  22. 22 ISOLATION OF MONKEYPOX VIRUS FROM WILD SQUIRREL INFECTED IN NATURE [DOI]
  23. 23 Upcoming and future strategies of tick control: a review.
  24. 24 Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India [DOI]
  25. 25 Factors affecting the likelihood of monkeypox's emergence and spread in the post-smallpox era [DOI]
  26. 26 Kyasanur forest disease [DOI]
  27. 27 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: The Perpetual Challenge [DOI]
  28. 28 Major factors affecting the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases [DOI]
  29. 29 Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005–10 [DOI]
  30. 30 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of a Tick-Borne Disease- Kyasanur Forest Disease: Current Status and Future Directions [DOI]
  31. 31 Another Epidemic in the Shadow of Covid 19 Pandemic: A Review of Monkeypox [DOI]
  32. 32 Evolution of a Disease Surveillance System: An Increase in Reporting of Human Monkeypox Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013 [DOI]
  33. 33 One Health – a strategy for resilience in a changing arctic [DOI]
  34. 34 On the transmission pattern of Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) in India [DOI]
  35. 35 Clinical & epidemiological significance of Kyasanur forest disease [DOI]
  36. 36 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Monkeypox Disease: A comprehensive Review [DOI]
  37. 37 Virological Epidemiology of the 1958 Epidemic of Kyasanur Forest Disease [DOI]
  38. 38 Pathogen-Host Associations and Predicted Range Shifts of Human Monkeypox in Response to Climate Change in Central Africa [DOI]
  39. 39 Phylogeography of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus in India (1957–2017) reveals evolution and spread in the Western Ghats region [DOI]
  40. 40 Recent Scenario of Emergence of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India and Public Health Importance [DOI]
  41. 41 Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease [DOI]
  42. 42 Kyasanur Forest Disease in India: innovative options for intervention [DOI]
  43. 43 Comparative Pathogenesis of Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever and Kyasanur Forest Disease Viruses in a Mouse Model [DOI]
  44. 44 Kyasanur Forest Disease: An Ethnography of a Disease of Development [DOI]
  45. 45 Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus [DOI]
  46. 46 Sequence signatures in envelope protein may determine whether flaviviruses produce hemorrhagic or encephalitic syndromes [DOI]
  47. 47 Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): Rare Disease of Zoonotic Origin. [DOI]
  48. 48 Re-emerging Diseases: Overview [DOI]

Cited by 3

Advancements in Vaccine Development: A Comprehensive Design of a Multi-Epitopic Immunodominant Peptide Vaccine Targeting Kyasanur Forest Disease via Reverse Vaccinology

Sarika Baburajan Pillai, Akshay Jeyachandran, Naseera Kannanthodi Pariyapurath · The Open Biotechnology Journal · 2026

Showing 2 of 3 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

36

Page views

0

PDF downloads

5

Outbound clicks

3

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.