Neurological Disorders, Oral Health, and Bullying: A Cross-sectional Analysis in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of bullying and to identify sociodemographic and oral health-related factors independently associated with bullying among children with neurological disorders. Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methodology: The study included 196 children aged 3 to 14 years with clinically diagnosed neurological disorders. Data were collected through caregiver- reported questionnaires, which assessed exposure to bullying, sociodemographic characteristics, the presence of dental caries experience (caries and/or restorations), and the caregiver-perceived need for orthodontic treatment. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between bullying and the explanatory variables. Results: The findings revealed a high prevalence of bullying (71.9%) among children with neurological disorders. Bullying was significantly associated with reduced daily time spent with caregivers (<12 hours; p = 0.003, and 12–18 hours; p = 0.011), older age groups (6–10 years; p = 0.017, and 11–14 years; p = 0.014), and diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (p = 0.012), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (p = 0.026), and Intellectual Disability (p = 0.023). In addition, a history of dental caries treatment was independently associated with a higher likelihood of bullying (p = 0.037). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated a substantial burden of bullying among children with neurological disorders and identify specific sociodemographic, clinical, and oral health–related factors that increase vulnerability. The results reinforce the need for integrated, multidisciplinary strategies, encompassing family support, healthcare, and educational settings—to prevent bullying and promote psychosocial well-being in this high-risk population.