Pediatric-onset Relapsing Polychondritis: A Case Report

Abstract

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare autoimmune disease characterised by episodic inflammation and progressive destruction of cartilaginous structures, primarily affecting the ears, nose, and airways. Due to its low incidence and variable presentation, RP in children is frequently misdiagnosed, leading to delays in treatment and increased risk of severe complications, particularly airway involvement. We present a case of paediatric-onset RP initially misdiagnosed as laryngotracheobronchitis, highlighting the diagnostic challenges associated with this condition. The patient required a tracheostomy due to progressive airway obstruction and was subsequently managed with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. This case underscores the importance of early recognition of subtle otolaryngological symptoms and the need for heightened clinical suspicion in paediatric patients presenting with recurrent respiratory or cartilaginous inflammation. While corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment, other immunomodulatory therapies, including targeted biological agents, have shown promise in managing refractory cases. Greater awareness and timely diagnosis are crucial to improving outcomes in paediatric RP.