Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempts and It Risk Factors among Undergraduate Students of Public Universities in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Suicide refers to the intentional act of taking one’s own life, while suicidal behavior includes a range of thoughts and actions related to self-harm and suicide. This spectrum encompasses suicidal ideation, which varies from general thoughts about death to specific plans for self-harm, as well as behaviors such as planning, attempting, or completing suicide. Beyond personal tragedy, suicide has significant psychological and emotional impacts on family and friends and contributes to economic productivity loss. With variable prevalence rates and a wide range of possible connections, suicidal ideation and attempts suggest a serious mental health issue.  This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among undergraduate students in public universities in Lagos State. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical elements was conducted among undergraduate students in public universities in Lagos. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Beck Suicide Ideation Scale was used to assess suicide risk. Chi-square tests were used to examine associations between categorical variables, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 284 respondents participated (148 males, 136 females). Among them, 24.6% had experienced suicidal ideation, while 6.3% had attempted suicide. The majority of respondents (92.6%) had a low risk of suicide, while 2.1% had a high risk. There was no statistically significant association between suicidal ideation and age group, gender, or academic performance. However, a significant relationship was found between suicidal ideation and trouble coping with academics (P = 0.001). Conclusion: These findings underscore the need for targeted mental health interventions in university settings to support students struggling with suicidal ideation and academic-related stress.