Structural Systems, Wind-load Mechanisms, and Engineering Applications of Photovoltaic Support Structures: A Review

Abstract

With the rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity, PV power-plant construction is evolving toward large-scale arrays, complex terrains, and long service lifetimes. Consequently, wind-resistant safety and durability reliability of PV support structures have become key factors governing the whole-life performance of PV projects. This paper focuses on three representative structural systems—fixed-tilt, tracking, and flexible supports—and systematically reviews their load-transfer characteristics, detailing routes, and engineering applicability boundaries. Regarding wind-load research, it compares wind-tunnel testing, CFD/LES numerical simulations, and code-based shape-coefficient methods in terms of parameter controllability, peak-load capture capability, and engineering implementability. The dominant effects of array shielding, geometric scale, and boundary conditions on the non-uniform distribution of wind pressure are summarized, and the engineering necessity of “zoned shape coefficients/local peak control,” as opposed to a “single uniform value,” is clarified. Furthermore, by integrating foundation selection, durability and corrosion-protection systems, and typical wind-induced failure modes, this study summarizes the coupling mechanisms among wind-load determination, detailing, and system reliability. Whole-life engineering priorities are proposed, including zone-specific strengthening in adverse regions, multi-operating-condition control boundaries for tracking systems, coordinated lateral–uplift resistance of foundations, and durability governance of weak links such as connections and corrosion protection. The findings provide executable review-based evidence and technical clues to support wind-resistant design optimization and the improvement of relevant codes for PV support structures.