Three-year Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV among South Indian Dental Patients: A Retrospective Study at A Tertiary Care Dental Institution

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are major blood-borne pathogens posing significant occupational risks to dental professionals. These infections share common routes of transmission, including exposure to blood, saliva, and contaminated instruments, making dental settings highly vulnerable. Understanding their prevalence among dental outpatients is essential for strengthening infection control policies and minimising cross-transmission. Aim: The study aims to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among patients attending a tertiary care dental institution in South India over a 3-year period and to analyse trends based on gender and time. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using serological records of patients screened between January 2013 and December 2015. Detection of HBV (HBsAg), HCV (anti-HCV antibodies), and HIV (anti-HIV antibodies) was performed using rapid immunochromatographic assays following standard protocols. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and prevalence rates were expressed as percentages. Year-wise trends and gender distribution were evaluated. Results: Out of 480 individuals screened for HBV, 12 (2.5%) tested positive. Among 430 individuals screened for HCV, 3 (0.7%) were positive, while 3 out of 660 individuals (0.45%) tested positive for HIV. HBV showed a gradual increase in prevalence from 2.0% in 2013 to 2.9% in 2015. In contrast, HCV and HIV prevalence remained relatively stable throughout the study period. Males constituted a higher proportion of positive cases across all three infections. The highest seropositivity was observed in the 30–40-year age group. Conclusion: HBV remains the most prevalent blood-borne infection among dental outpatients in South India, while HCV and HIV show comparatively lower prevalence. Despite low rates, the potential risk of transmission in dental settings necessitates strict adherence to infection control protocols. Routine screening, vaccination programs, and increased awareness are essential to prevent occupational exposure and ensure patient and healthcare worker safety.