A Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Management Options, Public Health Measures
International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health · pp. 11–21 · Published 31 Jul 2020
10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i1030324Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is an unknown corona virus causing COVID-19 disease responsible for the ongoing pandemic affecting over 190 countries, with a mortality rate of about 5%. The high mortality rate resulted from its ability to elicit cytokine storm via non-specific immune response with delay in specific immune response, notably worst in the elderly, HIV, immunocompromised and cancer diseased patients. The article therefore provides frontline health care workers, the opportunity to understand and equip themselves with management options, public health measures used in coping with COVID-19 infections and enables personnel to make quick preparation for Symptomatic COVID-19 infection in-order to reduce mortalities in health facilities. It also provides a summarised teaching material for medical and allied health students around the world. Methodology: Credible data and information were obtained from the World health organization situation report, Johns Hopkins University Corona Virus resource centre and other notable journal publications. Most information was on public domain. Results: Clinical features reported include pneumonia, renal dysfunction, hepatobiliary dysfunction and residual tissue damage, especially in the lungs in those that survive. The literature highlights the blood work-up picture (Leucopenia, increased cytokines IL-6, ferritin, Serum creatinine, urea, AST, GGT, ALT and Viremia) and radiological features of the disease. ELISA and RT-qPCR test are required for diagnosis using sputum, or pharyngeal swab, blood, serum, urine and faecal samples which lead to faeco-oral transmission. ELISA/RT-PCR is also required for disease exclusions in co-existing epidemics such as MERS-CoV, SARS-COV and other viral diseases. Treatment modalities employed thus far are trials that have produce results including targeted therapy, anti-retroviral, Favipiravir, Remdesivir, antibody-serum and antimalaria drugs such as chloroquine and quinine which are found among some protocols in African setting and other developing countries. Currently, ongoing preventive measures (face mask, social distancing and hand hygiene, community testing, isolation of confirmed cases and tracking of the exposed, remain the key corner-stone in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: COVID -19 disease still remain unclear to many scientists and its pandemic still ongoing. There are many research and clinical trials ongoing while some drugs are used off-label in-order to mitigate the damage caused by the virus in Human body. Cytokine storm needs immunomodulators and viral targeted therapy as discussed in-order to reduce tissue damage, and eventually morbidity and mortalities from COVID-19 infections.
References (26)
- 1 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [DOI]
- 2 Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome [DOI]
- 3 A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern [DOI]
- 4 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens [DOI]
- 5 Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [DOI]
- 6 Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)
- 7 Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury [DOI]
- 8 Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples [DOI]
- 9 Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong [DOI]
- 10 Convalescent Plasma Treatment Reduced Mortality in Patients With Severe Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection [DOI]
- 11 Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin [DOI]
- 12 Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus [DOI]
- 13 Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Acute Lung Injury: Role of Paracrine Soluble Factors [DOI]
- 14 Treatment with Convalescent Plasma for Influenza A (H5N1) Infection [DOI]
- 15 COVID-19 and intracerebral haemorrhage: causative or coincidental? [DOI]
- 16 [Advances in the research of mechanism and related immunotherapy on the cytokine storm induced by coronavirus disease 2019]. [DOI]
- 17 Potential benefits of precise corticosteroids therapy for severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia [DOI]
- 18 Etoposide Selectively Ablates Activated T Cells To Control the Immunoregulatory Disorder Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis [DOI]
- 19 Toxicity management for patients receiving novel T-cell engaging therapies [DOI]
- 20 Recomendaciones sobre el manejo clínico de la infección por el «nuevo coronavirus» SARS-CoV2. Grupo de trabajo de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP) [DOI]
- 21 Inhaled statins to combat COVID-19 – prophylactic and treatment approach [DOI]
- 22 Revamping Infection Control through International Non-governmental Support in Autoclaving Training for Low Capacity Hospitals in the Sub-sahara [DOI]
- 23 Improving Wound Dressing Techniques and Infection Control through Support from International Non-Governmental Organizations in Sub-Sahara Africa [DOI]
- 24 COVID-19–associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features [DOI]
- 25 Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes May Cause Liver Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection [DOI]
- 26 Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences [DOI]
Cited by 10
Musa Rabiu, Sarafa A. Iyaniwura · 2021
GeorgeDuke Mukoro, WandaliArhyel Dibal · Nigerian Journal of Medicine · 2022
Abel Weldetinsae, Zinabu A. Alemu, Kirubel Tefaye · Health Science Reports · 2023
Demisu Zenbaba, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Girma Beressa · BMJ Open · 2022
Showing 4 of 10 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.
Related research
- Covid-2019:“A Microbiological Monster” — shares topic coverage
- COVID 19 Disease Caused by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) — shares topic coverage
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): What Can Africa Learn from Ongoing Research in Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Chemotherapy and Prevention? — shares topic coverage
- Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19 — shares topic coverage
- Early Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine Improves Clinical Outcomes and Reduces Hospital Admissions in COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia — shares topic coverage
Article metrics
Real usage data collected on this platform.
10
Page views
0
PDF downloads
0
Outbound clicks
10
Citations
Views over time
Views by country
Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".
Traffic sources
Referring site, by host.
Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.