Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

A Study of the Bioavailability and Impact of Habits on the Occupational Exposure of Electronic Repairers to Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) in Kaduna Metropolis-Nigeria

Muhammad Abubakar Lawal, Adamu Uzairu, Muhammad Sani Sallau

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · pp. 20–29 · Published 8 Sep 2014

10.9734/IRJPAC/2015/12580

Abstract

The bioavailability of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in blood and urine samples of electronic repairers in Kaduna-Nigeria was assessed using Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The mean blood concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr in the subjects were 29.33±4.80, 7.78±10.57 and 24.78±21.77µg/dL, respectively. The mean urine concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr were 24.18±2.98, 6.81±10.05 and 14.78±4.20µg/dL respectively. Positive Pearson correlation coefficients were observed between Pb/Cd, Pb/Cr and Cd/Cr in all samples and they indicate the metals are likely from same pollution source. The mean concentrations of the metals in all samples were higher than the WHO, ILO and ACGIH standards, implying the repairers are occupationally exposed and are subject to serious health concerns. Social habits like smoking were found to significantly affect the concentrations of these metals. The level of education, use of safety devices, period of exposure, the nature of electronics and the age of the electronic repairers were also found to remarkably affect the concentrations of the metals. However, the sources of food eaten at work were found to have no significant effects on the levels of the metals present.

Bioavailability lead cadmium chromium occupational exposure electronic repairers

References (37)

  1. 1 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008
  2. 2 A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs [DOI]
  3. 3 International archives of occupational and environmental health [DOI]
  4. 4 International Labour Organisation (ILO) [DOI]
  5. 5 Relationship of Lead and Cadmium to Essential Elements in Hair, Teeth, and Nails of Environmentally Exposed People [DOI]
  6. 6 Validation of a method to quantify chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead in human whole blood, urine, saliva and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [DOI]
  7. 7 A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations and future needs [DOI]
  8. 8 Effects of environmental cadmium exposure on liver function in adults [DOI]
  9. 9 Metals in hair as biological indices for exposure [DOI]
  10. 10 Evaluation of zinc status in whole blood and scalp hair of female cancer patients [DOI]
  11. 11 Awareness of occupational hazards and utilization of safety measures among welders in kaduna metropolis, Northern Nigeria [DOI]
  12. 12 A pilot survey of blood lead levels in various types of workers in the United Arab Emirates [DOI]
  13. 13 Blood lead levels of the battery and exhaust workers and their pulmonary function tests [DOI]
  14. 14 Cadmium determination in cigarettes available in Nigeria [DOI]
  15. 15 Occupational exposure to metal compounds and lung cancer. Results from a multi-center case–control study in Central/Eastern Europe and UK [DOI]
  16. 16 A case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in electronic parts manufacturing worker exposed to lead [DOI]
  17. 17 Efficiency of Extraction of Trace metals from Blood samples using Wet Digestion and Microwave Digestion Techniques [DOI]
  18. 18 The Level of Knowledge Regarding Occupational Hazards among Nurses in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
  19. 19 Awareness of occupational hazards, health problems and safety measures among sawmill workers in North Central Nigeria.
  20. 20 Normal levels of cadmium in diet, urine, blood, and tissues of inhabitants of the united states [DOI]
  21. 21 Monitoring of chromium and nickel in biological fluids of stainless steel welders using the flux-cored-wire (FCW) welding method [DOI]
  22. 22 An examination of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to lead exposure in South Western Nigeria [DOI]
  23. 23 Occupational Health in Nigeria [DOI]
  24. 24 Lead assay in blood of occupationally and non‐occupationally exposed donors [DOI]
  25. 25 Cumulative blood-cadmium and tubular proteinuria: a dose-response relationship [DOI]
  26. 26 Distribution of lead in body fluids after ingestion of soft solder. [DOI]
  27. 27 A Survey of Occupational Health Hazards Among 7,610 Female Workers in China's Electronics Industry [DOI]
  28. 28 Lead Exposure in Radiator Repair Workers: A Survey of Washington State Radiator Repair Shops and Review of Occupational Lead Exposure Registry Data [DOI]
  29. 29 High blood lead level among garage workers in Bangkok, public concern is necessary [DOI]
  30. 30 A Comparative Evaluation and Toxicity Assessment of Heavy Metals in Commonly Smoked Cigarette Brands and Local Tobacco Snuff Purchased and Consumed in Nigeria [DOI]
  31. 31 Health effects of lead exposure among Jua Kali (informal sector) workers in Mombasa, Kenya: A case study of the "Express" Jua Kali workers [DOI]
  32. 32 Metal distribution in some brands of cigarette ash in Nigeria.
  33. 33 Introduction to occupational health and safety [DOI]
  34. 34 International Journal of Clinical Practice [DOI]
  35. 35 International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2,84-88 (1992)
  36. 36 International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences [DOI]
  37. 37 Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering [DOI]

Cited by 2

Association between Lead Exposure and Haematological Parameters among Roadside and Organized Panel Beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Kassy Wilson Chukwukasi, MPH, FWACP in Public Health, Consultant Public Health Physician, Dept. of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Aniwada Elias Chikee · Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology · 2021

Showing 1 of 2 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Related research

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

23

Page views

0

PDF downloads

8

Outbound clicks

2

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.