Advanced Nanocomposite-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical Drugs

Abstract

Advanced electrochemical sensors offer great opportunities to detect active pharmaceutical ingredients using interactions between nanomaterials and target analytes. Miniaturization of these sensors, wireless data transmission, and sensitivity are important research areas. The integration of quantum computing and artificial intelligence can provide significant improvements in areas such as electrochemical sensing, materials science, and nanofiber fabrication. Furthermore, electrochemical sensors and related techniques (such as voltammetry, amperometry, impedance, and chronoamperometry) and the roles of different electrode types in pharmaceutical drug analysis are discussed. Other methods used to detect these drugs include optical and microfabricated methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these different techniques are illustrated and evaluated with future perspectives. These technologies enable personalized medicine that rapidly assesses drug efficacy and patient-specific responses, while also enabling the development of sustainable electronic systems and more efficient sensors. Research on artificial intelligence is also increasing in the pharmaceutical industry. This study highlights the advantages and future promise of various technological applications of AI technology in drug design and development, which have varying effects. Furthermore, it offers potential in the medical field, particularly through rapid testing and the study of drug interactions using electrochemical sensor technology. Electrochemical biosensors, in particular, are crucial in biological imaging, electrochemical analysis, and drug delivery due to their high specificity, selectivity, and intercycling stability. This review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical devices for healthcare applications, detailing their fabrication, analytical performance, and clinical applications.