Analysing Household Energy Consumption in Abuja Municipal: Implications for Renewable Energy Adoption and Climate Change Policies

Abstract

Aims: This study examined the determinants of household energy consumption in Abuja with a focus on the role of appliance ownership, behavioral practices, socio-demographic characteristics, and climate change awareness. The aim was to generate evidence that can inform policies on energy efficiency and sustainable energy transitions. Study Design:  A cross-sectional survey design using quantitative methods was applied. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in urban areas of Abuja, Nigeria, with data collection carried out in 2024. Methodology: A structured cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Abuja, Nigeria, in 2024, yielding 445 valid responses. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) in SPSS to evaluate the relationships between household characteristics and energy demand. Results: Appliance ownership significantly influenced household energy demand, with high-consumption appliances, particularly air conditioners and refrigerators, being major contributors. Regression analysis showed a mitigating effect of efficient appliances (β = -0.138, p = 0.001). Behavioral factors unexpectedly increased consumption (β = 0.157, p = 0.001). Socio-demographic characteristics, including income, household size, and education, were significant predictors (β = 0.089, p = 0.033). Climate change awareness had a strong positive effect (β = 0.260, p < 0.001), highlighting a knowledge-practice gap. The model explained 15.2% of the variation in household energy use (Adjusted R² = 0.152), indicating that while these factors are meaningful, the majority of variation is attributable to other unobserved influences on household energy behavior. Conclusion: These findings suggest the need for targeted policy interventions such as subsidies or incentives for efficient appliances, alongside stronger awareness-to-practice campaigns. Addressing this gap can improve household-level efficiency and support broader national energy sustainability goals.