Assessment of the Physicochemical Parameters of Okpoka Creek: A Tributary of Bonny River

Abstract

Physico-chemical parameters constitute important abiotic components of aquatic ecosystems that influence species composition, diversity, stability, abundance, productivity, migration, biodiversity and physiological condition of aquatic organisms. The Okpoka Creek is a critical ecological and economic resource, supporting rich biodiversity and providing livelihoods for communities dependent on its fisheries. This study investigated physico-chemical analysis across six major stations in Okpoka Creek in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria (Oba, Abuloma, Kalio, Georgetown, Okrika, and Ogoloma). The Cross-sectional study was carried out in Okpoka Creek, Abuloma Area, Kalio town, George Town, ATC Okrika and Ogoloma Area, between April 2021 and March 2022. This study obtained samples from six distinct communities: Oba Town Area, Kalio Town Area, George Town Area, Ogoloma Town Area, ATC Okrika Area, and Abuloma Town Area, all situated in Okrika Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, during both dry and rainy seasons. Water samples from various locations were collected throughout a 12-month period (April 2021 to March 2022). On reaching the laboratory, the specimens from each sampled station were analysed for physicochemical parameters using established analytical techniques. Data generated from this study were collated and subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 23. The results showed that water quality assessments revealed significant spatial and seasonal variations in key parameters. Dissolved oxygen levels (7.33-7.68 mg/L) remained within acceptable ranges, though lower values in Kalio and George Town suggested organic loading. Notable pollution hotspots were identified, including elevated phosphate concentrations in Oba Town (5.51 mg/L) and high nitrate levels in ATC Okrika (3.25 mg/L), indicative of agricultural runoff. Ogoloma River showed exceptional salinity (38.69 ppt) and conductivity (37.02 mS/cm), likely due to saltwater intrusion. Seasonal patterns demonstrated reduced oxygen in wet months (7.30 mg/L in July-August) and increased turbidity in dry seasons (6.06 NTU), reflecting the region's tropical hydrological dynamics. Based on the findings, to maximise fisheries potential and preserve the best physiological condition of fish species, the physico-chemical parameters of surface waters at the landing sites should be continuously monitored to prevent further deterioration. Furthermore, the future study should be developed to emphasise the necessity of continuous and long-term monitoring of water quality data. Such monitoring would enable the detection of emerging trends and the timely identification of new pollution hotspots, allowing for adaptive management strategies, scientific policy interventions and habitat protection measures.