Assessment on Coordinated Roles of Endocannabinoid System to Combat against Multidimensional Disorders in Human Body

Abstract

Background: The endocannabinoid system represents a highly conserved biological communication network based on lipid mediators across species that contributes significantly to the regulation of physiological balance within the body. It comprises endogenous lipid mediators, mainly anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, their synthesizing and degrading enzymes, and two primary receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 and type 2. Disturbances in endocannabinoid system activity have been associated with numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, chronic pain, metabolic disturbances, anxiety, and immune-related conditions, highlighting its relevance as a therapeutic target. Objectives: This review aims to provide an integrated overview of endocannabinoid system organization, receptor signalling mechanisms, and biological functions, while also examining the potential influence of plant-derived bioactive compounds on endocannabinoid system modulation. Methods: Relevant scientific literature was systematically gathered from major electronic databases, focusing on studies related to endocannabinoid system components, molecular signaling pathways, physiological roles, pathological associations, and phytochemical interactions with endocannabinoid system targets. Results: The endocannabinoid system plays a central role in regulating neurotransmission, inflammatory responses, immune activity, energy metabolism, and pain modulation through receptor-mediated intracellular pathways. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 is predominantly expressed in neural tissues and is associated with neuromodulation and neuroprotective effects, whereas cannabinoid receptor type 2 is largely distributed in immune cells and contributes to immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory actions. Various phytoconstituents from medicinal plants have demonstrated the capacity to influence endocannabinoid system activity, suggesting their possible utility in restoring physiological stability under pathological conditions. Conclusion: Targeting the endocannabinoid system offers promising prospects for managing complex disorders involving neuroimmune and metabolic imbalance. Natural bioactive molecules capable of interacting with endocannabinoid system components may support the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at re-establishing homeostasis in human body under any dysfunction condition.