Ecotourism under Pressure: Socio-Economic Impacts and Post-COVID Recovery Dynamics in Peri-Urban Conservation Sites of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract

Aims: This study aims to analyze the multidimensional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ecotourism industry in Kinshasa, specifically evaluating how the crisis affected financial stability, operational management, and the resilience of peri-urban conservation sites. Study Design:  The research employed a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative surveys with qualitative strategic analysis. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at two emblematic sites in the Mont-Ngafula commune of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: the Lola ya Bonobo sanctuary and the Lac Ma Vallée site, between December 2023 and December 2024. Methodology: Data were collected from a total of 70 stakeholders, including visitors, site managers, and local community members, using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Spatial analysis was performed using GPS georeferencing and GIS software (QGIS/ArcGIS). Sectoral resilience was evaluated through a SWOT matrix (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), cross-referencing internal management variables with external pandemic-induced shocks. Results: Findings reveal a severe economic collapse, with 83% of respondents reporting significant income loss and an 86% cancellation rate for planned visits. Operationally, 63% of sites were forced to reduce staff to survive. The SWOT analysis identified that while the sites possess high ecological value, they face existential threats from unplanned urbanization and lack of public investment. However, the crisis acted as a catalyst for a digital transition and a strategic pivot toward the domestic market, particularly among the youth (46% of the sample). Conclusion: The pandemic exposed the vulnerability of the "extra-centric" tourism model reliant on international flows. To ensure long-term survival, ecotourism in Kinshasa must transition toward a domestic-led paradigm, integrating conservation into urban public health and resilience planning.