Exploring Client Experiences, Challenges, and Personal Development of Parolees and Probationers in a Philippine Therapeutic Community Program: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

Substance use and criminal behavior present persistent challenges in correctional and community supervision systems in the Philippines, often compounded by peer influence, economic hardship, and limited coping skills. Therapeutic Community (TC) programs are structured interventions designed to promote behavioral change, personal reflection, spiritual growth, and social reintegration among individuals under custody or parole and probation supervision. This small-scale, exploratory qualitative study examined the  experiences, challenges, and personal development of five clients (three probationers and two parolees) enrolled in a TC program under the Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) Regional Office 10. Participants were purposively selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were thematically analyzed following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework to identify patterns in behavioral change, adjustment, spiritual engagement, and skill acquisition. Five main themes emerged: peer influence and prior risky lifestyles, adjustment to TC discipline, personal reflection and behavioral insight, engagement in spiritual activities, and vocational and skills development. Findings indicate that the TC program facilitated self-control, moral development, resilience, and readiness for social reintegration, despite challenges such as economic hardship. These results are exploratory and not generalizable beyond the sample. The study offers practical implications for designing evidence-based rehabilitation programs and guiding policy interventions to support holistic development and reduce recidivism.