Phytochemical Characterization of Leaf and Stem Extracts of Anogeissus pendula: A Climax Species of the Aravalli

Abstract

The deciduous shrub Anogeissus pendula Edgew., also referred to as "dhok" or "button tree," is indigenous to the arid and semi-arid areas of the Aravalli range and is especially prevalent in Rajasthan. In this study fresh leaves and twigs of Anogeissus pendula were collected from Jaipur and nearby area. Using methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts, this study focusses on the phytochemical screening and quantification of bioactive components from the leaf and stem of A. pendula. With differences across solvent extracts, qualitative analysis identified a number of significant phytochemicals, including lignin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and cardiac glycosides. Interestingly, Phlobatannins and anthraquinones were not present in any of the extracts, while tannins and resins were only present in the ethyl acetate extracts. The identification of substances like lignin and phenolics points to the possibility of using them in composite formulations or natural polymers, extending their usage beyond medicine. Comparing the leaf to the stem, quantitative analysis revealed that the leaf has greater amounts of reducing sugars (100 mg/g), non-reducing sugars (70 mg/g), proteins (83 mg/g), ascorbic acid (1.0 mg/g), lipids (39 mg/g), and alkaloids (24 mg/g). These findings confirm the traditional ethnomedical applications of A. pendula and demonstrate its pharmacological, nutritional, and material value, especially in its leaves. It is advised that more research be done to examine its biological activity, medicinal potential, and suitability for the synthesis of natural polymers or composites.