Phytoremediation Efficiency of Emergent Macrophytes in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands: A Comparative Assessment of Species-Specific Pollutant Removal Capacity

Abstract

Construction of wetlands based on macrophytes to feed their population, are a low-cost and environmentally sound way of Sewage Purification in not too-developed countries. This pilot project uses a constructed wetland that has horizontal flow under surface to treat the household sewage. we looked at the different macrophytes themselves, such as Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Canna indica. The research was conducted over six-month period, From March to August of 1994. Three of those months were for hydraulic retention. every fortnight we tested the water for total nitrogen, overall phosphorus, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. The results suggested that BOD (82–89%), COD (76-84%), TSS (85–92%), TN (68–75%) and TP (71–79%) dropped quite rapidly in those subsequent While the rates at which these parameters went off remained negligible for different amplitude loops, for an LCD. Typha latifolia did the best, yielding 2.8 kg/m² of biomass and showing that it could take in nutrients well. Its results will be beneficial for engineers in the field. They looked at how fast plants grew and how well they dealt with stress to find out how they could be managed and adapted. These findings could benefit small towns and rural areas lacking infrastructure. Using macophytes in built wetlands is a better way than traditional treatment systems to make home sewage clean and could also be good for the environment.