Residents’ Attitudes and Irritation Stages toward Tourism Development in Caramoan, Philippines

Abstract

This study examines the attitudes of the host community in Caramoan, Philippines, toward tourism development using Doxey’s Irritation Index (Irridex) as the analytical framework. It aims to determine residents’ current stage of irritation and propose strategies for sustainable tourism management. Employing a quantitative-descriptive research design, data were collected through a survey of 358 residents from four major barangays in the Población area – Binanuahan, Ili-Centro, Solnopan, and Tawog – selected through stratified sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to identify prevailing attitudes and corresponding irritation stages. Results reveal that residents generally hold positive perceptions of tourism’s economic, social, and environmental contributions. However, findings indicate a shift from enthusiasm (Euphoria Stage) to routine acceptance (Apathy Stage), suggesting diminishing excitement and emerging concerns over unequal benefit distribution, environmental degradation, and declining community participation. The moderate irritation level and absence of antagonism suggest that dissatisfaction remains manageable. This pattern aligns with the Development Stage of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) Model, reflecting a maturing destination requiring proactive sustainability interventions. The study recommends strengthening community participation, ensuring equitable benefit-sharing, enhancing environmental stewardship, and institutionalizing participatory governance through community-based tourism initiatives. These measures are essential to sustain resident support, balance tourism growth with ecological preservation, and prevent progression toward community discontent. Generally, the study highlights the importance of inclusive, community-driven tourism planning in achieving sustainable and resilient destination development.