Spatial Analysis of Land Cover Change Associated with Urban Expansion in a Residential Area, South Bogor District, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Land-cover change associated with residential development can alter the spatial structure and ecological function of peri-urban landscapes, particularly where urban expansion proceeds through interim land-cover stages. Aims: This study aimed to analyse land-cover changes associated with residential development in Kertamaya Village, South Bogor District, Bogor City, Indonesia, between 2020 and 2024, with particular emphasis on identifying transitional phases of land-cover conversion. Study Design: A spatiotemporal analysis was conducted using multi-temporal high-resolution satellite imagery, visual image interpretation, and GIS-based land-cover mapping. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in a residential development area in Kertamaya Village, South Bogor District, Bogor City, Indonesia, using high-resolution satellite imagery acquired from 2020 to 2024. Methodology: Multi-temporal MAXAR satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.34 m was visually interpreted and digitised in ArcGIS Pro 3.3 to produce annual land-cover maps. Image interpretation was based on standard visual interpretation elements, including tone/colour, shape, size, texture, pattern, shadow, site, association, and convergence of evidence. Field verification was conducted to validate the interpreted land-cover classes before final map preparation. Spatial overlay analysis was subsequently performed to identify annual land-cover changes. Results: Residential land increased from 3.21 ha in 2020 to 6.81 ha in 2024, indicating continuous urban expansion associated with housing development. This increase was accompanied by reductions in shrubs, gardens, and open land due to land conversion. The analysis also revealed transitional land-cover phases in which prepared open land was temporarily occupied by secondary vegetation or dryland agriculture before being converted into residential areas. Meanwhile, bamboo groves remained relatively stable because of their ecological role in slope stabilisation and soil conservation. Conclusion: Land-cover change in the study area occurred progressively through identifiable transitional stages rather than by direct conversion from natural land to residential areas. These findings provide a better understanding of microscale land-cover trajectories and offer useful spatial information to support environmentally sustainable residential planning in rapidly urbanising areas.