Substrate–nutrient Interactions in Hydroponic Production of Super Habanero Pepper: Global Perspectives and Implications for Nigeria

Abstract

The growing demand for high-quality horticultural produce, alongside constraints associated with conventional soil-based agriculture, has intensified interest in hydroponic systems as a sustainable alternative for crop production. Super Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.), a high-value crop known for its pungency and market appeal, presents significant potential for hydroponic cultivation. However, achieving optimal productivity depends largely on effective root zone management, particularly the interactions between growing substrates and nutrient composition. This review synthesises current knowledge on substrate–nutrient interactions in hydroponic systems and their combined effects on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of Super Habanero pepper. It critically examines the physicochemical properties of commonly used substrates, including organic and inorganic media, and evaluates their roles in regulating water retention, aeration, and nutrient availability. The review also analyses nutrient solution formulation, with emphasis on macronutrient and micronutrient balance, electrical conductivity, and pH, and how these factors influence plant physiological responses. Given the limited availability of crop-specific studies, evidence from related Capsicum species is integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding. The review highlights that substrate–nutrient interactions exert synergistic effects on nutrient uptake efficiency and overall plant performance, significantly influencing yield and fruit quality. It further discusses recent advances in hydroponic technologies, including innovative substrates and precision nutrient management strategies. Particular attention is given to the challenges and opportunities for adapting these systems in Nigeria, where hydroponic production remains underdeveloped. This review provides a framework for optimising hydroponic pepper production and offers practical insights for enhancing productivity and sustainability in Nigeria and similar environments.