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Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

The Hsp90 Chaperone Machinery: An Important Hub in Protein Interaction Networks

Jürgen Radons

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · pp. 1–32 · Published 24 Mar 2016

10.9734/BJMMR/2016/24631

Abstract

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) represents one of the most conserved proteins in living organisms and is present in all kingdoms of life except for Archaea. HSP90 proteins define a widespread family of molecular chaperones that play a fundamental role in protein homoeostasis and viability. HSP90s mediate folding and maturation of a broad spectrum of client proteins including steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and protein kinases. HSP90s primarily exist as homodimers whose activity is regulated by ATP. Hsp90 can adopt different ATP-triggered conformations, ranging from an open V-shaped unliganded to a closed ATP-bound state. HSP90 chaperones can be found not only in the cytosol, ER, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus but also in the extracellular milieu where they act as potent stimulators of immune responses. The activity of Hsp90 is regulated by post-translational modifications and its association with numerous co-chaperones and client proteins involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. Elevated levels of HSP90s can be found in a broad spectrum of cancers where they enhance cell growth, suppress senescence, and confer resistance to stress-induced apoptosis, including protection against cytostatic drugs and radiation therapy. Since numerous oncoproteins are clients of Hsp90, targeting Hsp90 represents a useful anti-cancer approach. In this review, the current knowledge on the Hsp90 chaperone machinery and its role in disease and therapy is compiled.

Hsp90 regulation function therapeutic implications disease relevance steroid hormone receptor; inhibitors

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  193. 193 Analysis of Nitroso-Proteomes in Normotensive and Severe Preeclamptic Human Placentas1 [DOI]
  194. 194 A Functional Heat Shock Protein 90 Chaperone Is Essential for Efficient Flock House Virus RNA Polymerase Synthesis in Drosophila Cells [DOI]
  195. 195 A microRNA-27a mimic sensitizes human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-4 cells to hyperthermia through downregulation of Hsp110 and Hsp90 [DOI]
  196. 196 Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP ‐ AUY 922 exerts potent activity against adult T‐cell leukemia–lymphoma cells [DOI]
  197. 197 Assessment of placental and maternal stress responses in patients with pregnancy related complications via monitoring of heat shock protein mRNA levels [DOI]
  198. 198 Coumermycin A1 inhibits growth and induces relaxation of supercoiled plasmids in Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent [DOI]
  199. 199 Molecularchaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors [DOI]
  200. 200 Evolutionary constraints on chaperone-mediated folding provide an antiviral approach refractory to development of drug resistance [DOI]
  201. 201 Regulation of Signaling Protein Function and Trafficking by the hsp90/hsp70-Based Chaperone Machinery [DOI]
  202. 202 Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-κB pathway [DOI]
  203. 203 NVP-AUY922: A Novel Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Active against Xenograft Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis [DOI]
  204. 204 HSP90 Inhibition Is Effective in Breast Cancer: A Phase II Trial of Tanespimycin (17-AAG) Plus Trastuzumab in Patients with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing on Trastuzumab [DOI]
  205. 205 The HSP90 family of genes in the human genome: Insights into their divergence and evolution [DOI]
  206. 206 mTOR Is Essential for the Proteotoxic Stress Response, HSF1 Activation and Heat Shock Protein Synthesis [DOI]
  207. 207 Transforming Growth Factor α (TGFα)-Stimulated Secretion of HSP90α: Using the Receptor LRP-1/CD91 To Promote Human Skin Cell Migration against a TGFβ-Rich Environment during Wound Healing [DOI]
  208. 208 Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down‐regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC‐1α [DOI]
  209. 209 Heat shock proteins and cancer vaccines: developments in the past decade and chaperoning in the decade to come [DOI]
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  211. 211 Inhibition of the heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone in vitro and in vivo by novel, synthetic, potent resorcinylic pyrazole/isoxazole amide analogues [DOI]
  212. 212 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Polymerase Requires the Mammalian Chaperone Hsp90 for Proper Localization to the Nucleus [DOI]
  213. 213 In vitro Biological Characterization of a Novel, Synthetic Diaryl Pyrazole Resorcinol Class of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors [DOI]
  214. 214 The nuclear factor interleukin-6 (NF-IL6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) signalling pathways co-operate to mediate the activation of the hsp90β gene by interleukin-6 but have opposite effects on its inducibility by heat shock [DOI]
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  226. 226 A phase II study of HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 and erlotinib (E) for patients (pts) with EGFR-mutant lung cancer and acquired resistance (AR) to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs). [DOI]
  227. 227 Phase IB/II study of the HSP90 inhibitor AUY922, in combination with trastuzumab, in patients with HER2+ advanced breast cancer. [DOI]

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