The Role of Nanoparticles as Additives in Diesel/Biodiesel: A Review on Performance and Emission Enhancements

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the use of nanoparticles as additives in diesel-biodiesel blends to enhance engine performance and reduce emissions. Various preparation techniques, including ultrasonication and surfactant-assisted dispersion, are discussed to improve nanoparticle stability and fuel blend homogeneity. The review evaluates the effects of commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles such as TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ on brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including reductions in CO, HC and NOx emissions. Among the nanoparticles studied, cerium oxide showed significant potential in improving combustion and lowering harmful emissions. The paper also examines environmental and health impacts associated with nano-additive usage and highlights challenges in large-scale application. Overall, this study supports the development of sustainable, cleaner fuel technologies by identifying effective nano-additives and preparation methods that optimize engine performance while minimizing environmental risks.