Zingiber zerumbet: A Comprehensive Review of Its Photochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is a well-known medicinal plant widely used in traditional healthcare systems for managing gastrointestinal issues, pain, and inflammation. Over the years, scientific investigation has supported many of its traditional uses, highlighting its diverse pharmacological properties. The plant is particularly rich in bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpenes like zerumbone, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Most research studies have primarily focused on the rhizome of the plant; however, other parts, such as leaves and seeds, remain less explored. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Zingiber zerumbet, including its botanical characteristics, morphological features, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential. Additionally, it identifies research gaps and emphasises the need for further studies to fully explore the medicinal value of different plant parts and their potential applications in modern therapeutics.